Kelas : 1H Karyawan
NIM : 2109120176
Fakultas FKIP Bahasa Inggris Universitas Galuh
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| language function in english and vocabularry |
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| pronunciation practice book |
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| english grammar in use |
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| word power 1500 |
A summary of the English.
Phonetic symbols
Vowels and Diphthong
1. / i: / as in feed
2. / I / inch
3. / e / egg
4. / ӕ / axe
5. / з / eart
6. / Ә / among
7. / ˄ / such
8. / u: / food
9. / u / put
10. / ᴐ: / lord
11. / ᵅ/ ox
12. / ᵅ: / ask
13. / IӘ / ear
14. / eI / ale
15. / eӘ / air
16. / aI / ice
17. /aᶹ/ owl
18. /ᶹӘ/ truer
19. /Әᶹ, Ou/ home
20. / ᴐI/ oil
Consonant
21. / p / as in pay
22. / b / bob
23. / t / tot
24. / d / did
25. / k / kick
26. / g / go
27. / m / my
28. / n / none
29. / ᵑ / thing
30. / l / low
31. / f / foe
32. / v / vie
33. / ᶿ / think
34. / Ỗ / that
35. / s / soft
36. / z / zoo
37. / ʃ / shoe
38. / Ӡ / measure
39. / r / ray
40. / h / how
41. / tᵳ / church
42. / dӠ / judge
43. / j / yes
44. / w / way
Prepositions
Compare at on and in:
• They arrived at 5 o’clock.
• They arrived on Friday.
• They arrived in October / they arrived in 1998.
We use:
At for the time of day:
At 5 o’clock at 11 45 at midnight at Lunchtime at sunset etc.
On for days and dates:
On Friday / on Fridays On 12 march 1991 on Christmas day on my birth day
In for longer period (for example, months / years/ season)
In October in 1998 in 18th century in the past
In / the winter in the 1970s in the middle age in the future
We use at in these expressions:
At night I don’t like going out at night.
At the weekend Will you be here at the weekend
At Christmas/ at Easter Do you give each other present at Christmas?
(But On Christmas day)
At the moment / at the present Mr. Benn is busy at the moment / at the present.
At the same time Liz and I arrived at the same time.
Note that we usually ask ‘What the time…?’ (Not usually ‘At what time…?’)
• What time are you going out this evening?
We say:
In the morning(s) in the afternoon(s) in the evening(s)
• I’ll see you in the morning. Do you work in the evening?
But:
On Friday Morning (s). On Sunday Afternoon(s). On Monday Evening etc.
• I’ll be at home at home on Friday morning.
• Do you usually go out on Saturday evening?
We do not use at/on/in before last/next/this/every:
• They got married last march.
In a few minutes / in six months etc. = a time in the future
• The train will be leaving in a few minutes.
• Jack has gone away. He’ll be back, ‘in a week time.
• She’ll be here in a moment. (= a moment from now)
You can also say ‘in six months’ time’, ‘In a week time’ etc:
• They are getting married in six months time. (or… in six months.)
We also use in … to say how long it takes to do something:
• I learnt to drive in four week. (= it took me for weeks to learn)
English greetings
Greeting people you don’t know
You can use “hello” with people you don’t know, but a more formal greeting is “good morning / afternoon / evening.”
The other person normally replies with the same greeting as you have used an then makes polite conversation, such as “how was your trip?” or “did your find our office easily?”
Introduction yourself
At an informal party
“hello, I’m Maria.“ or “ hello, my names Maria.”
The reply could be
“hi, I’m Sarah. ” or “hello Maria, I’m Sarah.” Or “nice to meet you I’m Sarah.”
At work-related office
“I’d like to introduce myself. I’m maria, from English@home.”
Or, “Let me introduce myself. I’m maria from English @home.”
The reply could be:
“nice to meet you. I’m peter Michele, from Michele creations.”
“Pleased to meet you. I’m peter Michele, from Peter Michele, from Michele creations.”
How do you do? I’m peter Michele from Michele creations.”
Introducing other people
Introducing a friend to a work college
“Sarah, I’d like to you my colleague john.”
Sarah says:
“pleased to meet you, john.” Or “nice to meet you john”
Introduction clients
“Mr. Michele, I’d like to introduce you to my manager, henry lewis,”
Mr. Michele could then say:
“how do you do?” and Henry Lewis also says “ how do you do?”
Or Mr. Michele could say:
Pleased to meet you.” Or “Good to meet you.”
Speaking tip
“how do you do?” is quite formal for british English speakers and the reply this question is repeat the phrase, “how do you do?” (as strange as that may sound!)
At more informal party
When you introduce two of your friends to each other, you can simple say, “john, this is sarah.”
Cultural considerations
At work one person may have higher status - your boss, or a client, for example. Its polite to addres them as mr / ms untilthe situation becomes more informal .
If someone says, “please call me (henry )”, you know you can use first name. if someone use your first name, you can use their first name too.
People in European and English – speaking cultures often shake hand when they meet
Don’t forget to smile!
Making appointments
Useful phrases for making and changing appointments.
Asking to meet
“are you available on the 17th?”
“can we meet on the 16th?”
How does the 3rd sound to you?”
“are you next week?”
“Would Friday suit you?”
“Is next Sunday convenient for you?”
“What about sometime next week?”
Agreeing on a date
“yes, Thursday is fine.”
“Thursday suits me.”
“Thursday would be perfect.”
Suggesting a different date
“I’m afraid I cant on the 3rd. what about the 6th?”
“I’m sorry, I want be able to make it Monday. Could we meet on Tuesday instead?”
“ah, Wednesday is going to be a little difficult. I’d much prefer Friday, if that’s alright ” with you.”
I really don’t think I cant on the 17th. Can we meet up on the 19th.”
Setting a time
“What sort of time would suit you.”
Changing the arrangement
“you know we were going to meet next Friday? Well, I’m very sorry, but something urgent has come up.”
Making generalizations
To show that something is generally true
Tend to
“a tend to agree with you.”
(I agree with most of what you say.)
Have a tendency to
“The English have a tendency to drink tea, not coffee.”
Note: have a tendency to is used more in written than in spoken English.
To show how common something is
Generally speaking
“Generally speaking, more men than woman use the internet.”
“In most cases, wars are caused by land disputes.“
In some cases
“In some cases, English beaches are unsafe for swimming.”
In a large number of cases
“In a large number of cases, obesity is caused by over-eating.”
Mostly, often, sometimes
These words go before the main verb, or after the verb to be
“We are mostly concerned with costs.”
Speaking tip
Although you may find it strange to avoid saying exactly what you mean, being able to make generalizations is a speaking skill that will make sound much more like a native English speaker.
Comparison
Sentence patterns:
(Noun 1 + be (+ not) + as/so + Adjective + Noun 2)
Positive: The knife is as sharp as the cutter.
The handsaw is not so sharp as the hacksaw.
Example:
Hard steel is hard and so is spring steel.
• Hard steel is as hard as spring steel.
High carbon steel is strong, but low carbon steel isn’t.
• Low carbon steel is not so strong as high carbon steel.
Study these words
Adjective Noun
Long length
Hight height
Strong strength
Deep depth
Wide width
Old age
Fast speed
Big size
Heavy weight
Expensive price
Hard hardness
Thick thickness
Weak weakness
Brittle brittleness
Soft softness
Rigid rigidity
Difficult difficulty
Beautiful beauty
Important importance
Transparent transparency
Sentence pattern:
(Noun 1 + be (+ not) +Adjective + than + Noun 2)
Example:
Comparative
• Steel is harder than iron.
• Gold is more expensive than silver.
Sentence pattern:
( Noun / Pronoun 1 + Be + The + Adjective )
Example:
Superlative
• The battery is the most powerful.
• The high carbon steel is the strongest.
Sentence patterns:
( Noun / Pronoun 1 + Be + The + Adjective + Noun 2 )
Example:
Superlative
• Is it the most powerful battery?
• Atom is the smallest element.
